This Character Is the Child of a Poor Farming Family.

1939 novel by John Steinbeck

The Grapes of Wrath

First edition comprehend
Author	John Steinbeck
Cover artist	Elmer Hader
Country	U.s.a.
Linguistic communication	English language
Genre	Novel
Publisher	The Viking Press-James Lloyd
Publication date	April 14, 1939[1]
Pages	464
OCLC	289946
Dewey Decimal	813.52

The Grapes of Wrath is an American realist novel written by John Steinbeck and published in 1939.^[2] The book won the National Book Honor^[3] and Pulitzer Prize^[4] for fiction, and it was cited prominently when Steinbeck was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1962.^[5]

Set during the Bully Low, the novel focuses on the Joads, a poor family of tenant farmers driven from their Oklahoma domicile by drought, economic hardship, agricultural industry changes, and bank foreclosures forcing tenant farmers out of work. Due to their nearly hopeless situation, and in part because they are trapped in the Dust Bowl, the Joads prepare out for California along with thousands of other "Okies" seeking jobs, country, dignity, and a future.

The Grapes of Wrath is frequently read in American high school and college literature classes due to its historical context and enduring legacy.^{[six] [7]} A celebrated Hollywood film version, starring Henry Fonda and directed past John Ford, was released in 1940.

Plot [edit]

The narrative begins simply after Tom Joad is paroled from McAlester prison, where he had been incarcerated later on being convicted of homicide in self-defense force. While hitchhiking to his home near Sallisaw, Oklahoma, Tom meets former preacher Jim Casy, whom he remembers from his babyhood, and the two travel together. When they arrive at Tom's childhood subcontract domicile, they find information technology deserted. Disconcerted and dislocated, Tom and Casy meet their onetime neighbour, Muley Graves, who tells them the family has gone to stay at Uncle John Joad's dwelling house nearby. Graves tells them that the banks accept evicted all the farmers. They take moved abroad, but he refuses to leave the area.

The next forenoon, Tom and Casy go to Uncle John'due south. Tom finds his family unit loading their remaining possessions into a Hudson sedan converted into a truck; with their crops destroyed past the Grit Bowl, the family has defaulted on their banking company loans, and their farm has been repossessed. The family sees no option but to seek work in California, which has been described in handbills as fruitful and offering high pay. The Joads put everything they have into making the journey. Although leaving Oklahoma would violate his parole, Tom decides it is worth the risk, and invites Casy to join him and his family unit.

Traveling west on Route 66, the Joad family finds the route crowded with other migrants. In makeshift camps, they hear many stories from others, some returning from California, and the group worries that California may not really exist as rewarding equally suggested. The family unit dwindles on the fashion: Grampa dies along the road, and they bury him in a field; Granma dies close to the California land line; and both Noah (the eldest Joad son) and Connie Rivers (the hubby of the pregnant Joad girl, Rose of Sharon) leave the family unit. Led by Ma, the remaining members realize they must keep on, as nothing is left for them in Oklahoma.

Reaching California, they notice the state oversupplied with labor; wages are low, and workers are exploited to the betoken of starvation. The large corporate farmers are in collusion and smaller farmers endure from collapsing prices. All police and state police force enforcement authorities are on the side of the growers. At the first migrant Hooverville camp they end at in California, Casy knocks down a deputy sheriff who is about to shoot a fleeing worker who has alerted others that the labour recruiter travelling with the officer volition not pay the wages he is promising. Weedpatch Camp, one of the clean, utility-supplied camps operated past the Resettlement Assistants, a New Bargain bureau, offers improve conditions but does non accept enough resource to care for all the needy families, and it does non provide them with piece of work or nutrient. Nonetheless, as a Federal facility, the camp protects the migrants from harassment past local deputies.

How can you lot frighten a man whose hunger is not only in his ain cramped tum only in the wretched bellies of his children? Yous can't scare him – he has known a fearfulness beyond every other.

—Chapter 19

In response to the exploitation, Casy becomes a labor organizer and tries to recruit for a labor union. The Joads find work as strikebreakers in a peach orchard. With everyone picking for most of the day, they still just become paid enough to provide a bones supper for the night and some nutrient for the adjacent 24-hour interval. The side by side morning the peach plantation announces that the pay rate for the picked fruit has been reduced by half. Casy is involved in a strike that turns vehement. When Tom witnesses Casy's fatal beating, he kills the assailant and takes flying. The Joads quietly leave the orchard to piece of work at a cotton farm, where Tom remains at chance of existence arrested, and possibly lynched, for the homicide.

Knowing he must leave the area or risk being caught and his family blacklisted from working, Tom bids his mother farewell and vows to work for the oppressed. The rest of the family unit continues to selection cotton wool and pool their daily wages so they can buy food. Rose of Sharon'due south infant is stillborn. Ma Joad remains steadfast and forces the family unit through the bereavement. With the winter rains, the Joads' dwelling is flooded and the car disabled, and they move to higher footing. In the final affiliate of the volume, the family unit takes shelter from the flood in an erstwhile barn. Within they find a young male child and his father, who is dying of starvation. Ma realizes there is but i way to save the human. She looks at Rose of Sharon and a silent understanding passes between them. Rose of Sharon, left alone with the man, goes to him and has him potable of her breast milk.

Characters [edit]

• Tom Joad: the protagonist of the story; the Joad family unit'due south second son, named after his father. Afterward, Tom takes leadership of the family, even though he is immature.
• Ma Joad: the Joad family matriarch. Practical only warm-spirited, she tries to concord the family unit together. Her given name is never learned; it is suggested that her maiden proper noun was Hazlett.
• Pa Joad: the Joad family patriarch, also named Tom, age 50. Hardworking sharecropper and family unit human. Pa becomes a broken homo upon losing his livelihood and ways of supporting his family, forcing Ma to assume leadership.
• Uncle John: Pa Joad's older blood brother (Tom describes him as "a fella nearly sixty", only in narrative he is described equally 50). He feels guilty about the death of his young wife years earlier, and is prone to binges involving alcohol and prostitutes, simply is generous with his goods.
• Jim Casy: a quondam preacher who lost his faith. He is a Christ-similar figure, based on Steinbeck's friend Ed Ricketts.
• Al Joad: the third youngest Joad son, a "smart-aleck sixteen-year-older" who cares mainly for cars and girls; he looks up to Tom, only begins to find his ain manner.
• Rose of Sharon Joad Rivers: the eldest Joad girl, a childish and dreamy teenage girl, historic period xviii, who develops into a mature woman. Meaning at the showtime of the novel, she eventually delivers a stillborn babe, perhaps due to malnutrition.
• Connie Rivers: Rose of Sharon's husband. Nineteen years former and naïve, he is overwhelmed by marriage and impending fatherhood. He abandons his wife and the Joad family shortly after they arrive in California.
• Noah Joad: the eldest Joad son, he is the beginning to go out the family unit, near Needles, California, planning to live off line-fishing on the Colorado River. Injured at birth and described as "strange", he may have slight learning difficulties.
• Grampa Joad: Tom's grandfather, who expresses his stiff desire to stay in Oklahoma. His full proper noun is given as "William James Joad". Grampa is drugged by his family with "soothin' syrup" to force him to leave with them for California, but he dies during the outset evening on the route. Casy attributes his death to a stroke, but says that Grampa is "just' staying' with the lan'. He couldn' get out it."
• Granma Joad: Grampa's religious wife; she loses her volition to live after his death. She dies while the family is crossing the Mojave Desert.
• Ruthie Joad: the youngest Joad daughter, age 12. She is shown to be reckless and kittenish. While quarreling with another kid, she reveals that Tom is in hiding.
• Winfield Joad: the youngest Joad son, age 10. He is "child-wild and calfish".
• Jim Rawley: He manages the camp at Weedpatch and shows the Joads surprising favor.
• Muley Graves: a neighbor of the Joads. He is invited to come along to California with them, merely refuses. The family leave 2 of their dogs with him; a third they have, simply it is killed past a machine during their travels.
• Ivy and Sairy Wilson: a migrant couple from Arkansas who attend the decease of Grampa and share the journey as far as the California state line.
• Mr. Wainwright: a fellow laborer on the cotton farm in California; he is the husband of Mrs. Wainwright.
• Mrs. Wainwright: female parent to Aggie and wife to Mr. Wainwright. She helps Ma evangelize Rose of Sharon's baby.
• Aggie Wainwright: the sixteen-year-old girl of Mr. and Mrs. Wainwright. Belatedly in the novel, she and Al Joad announce their intent to marry.
• Floyd Knowles: a human being at the Hooverville, where the Joads first stay in California, who urges Tom and Casy to join labor organizations. His agitation results in Casy being jailed.

Religious interpretation [edit]

Many scholars accept noted Steinbeck'due south use of Christian imagery within The Grapes of Wrath. The largest implications lie with Tom Joad and Jim Casy, who are both interpreted as Christ-like figures at sure intervals within the novel. These 2 are ofttimes interpreted together, with Casy representing Jesus Christ in the early days of his ministry building, upwardly until his expiry, which is interpreted as representing the decease of Christ. From there, Tom takes over, rising in Casy's place as the Christ figure risen from the dead.

However, the religious imagery is not limited to these two characters. Scholars accept regularly inspected other characters and plot points within the novel, including Ma Joad, Rose of Sharon, her stillborn child, and Uncle John. In an commodity first published in 2009, Ken Eckert fifty-fifty compared the migrants' motility westward equally a reversed version of the slaves' escape from Egypt in Exodus.^[viii] Many of these extreme interpretations are brought on by Steinbeck's own documented beliefs, which Eckert himself refers to as "unorthodox".^[viii]

To extend on previous remarks in a journal Leonard A. Slade lays out the chapters and how they represent each role of the slaves escaping from Egypt. Slade states "Chapters 1 through 10 correspond to bondage in Egypt (where the bank and country companies fulfill the role of Pharaoh), and the plagues (drought and erosion); chapters 11 through 18 to the Exodus and journey through the wilderness (during which the old people die off); and chapter xix through 30 to the settlement in the Promised Land-California, whose inhabitants are hostile… codify upstanding codes (in the government camps)".^[9] Another religious estimation that Slade brings up in his writings is the title itself, stating "The title of the novel, of grade refers to the line: He is trampling out the vintage where the grapes of wrath are stored in Julia Ward Howe's famous 'Boxing-Hymn of the Republic'. Apparently, then the championship suggests, moreover, 'that story exists in Christian context, indicating that we should expect to observe some Christian significant'."^[9] These two interpretations past Slade and other scholars shows how many religious aspects tin can be interpreted from the book. Along with Slade other scholars find interpretations in the characters of Rose of Sharon and her stillborn child, Jim Casy and his Christ-like figure.

Development [edit]

This is the offset—from "I" to "we". If you who own the things people must have could understand this, you might preserve yourself. If you could separate causes from results, if you could know that Paine, Marx, Jefferson, Lenin were results, not causes, yous might survive. Only that you cannot know. For the quality of owning freezes you forever into "I", and cuts you off forever from the "we".

—Affiliate xiv

Steinbeck was known to have borrowed from field notes taken during 1938 past Farm Security Assistants worker and author Sanora Babb. While she collected personal stories nearly the lives of the displaced migrants for a novel she was developing, her supervisor, Tom Collins, shared her reports with Steinbeck, who at the time was working for the San Francisco News.^[10] Babb's ain novel, Whose Names Are Unknown, was eclipsed in 1939 past the success of The Grapes of Wrath and was shelved until information technology was finally published in 2004, a year earlier Babb's death.

The Grapes of Wrath developed from The Harvest Gypsies, a series of seven articles that ran in the San Francisco News, from October 5 to 12, 1936. The newspaper commissioned that work on migrant workers from the Midwest in California'south agriculture industry. (It was afterward compiled and published separately.^{[eleven] [12]})

In mid-January 1939, three months before the publication of The Grapes of Wrath, Steinbeck wrote a long letter to Pascal Covici, his editor at Viking Press. He wanted Covici, in particular, to sympathise this book, to appreciate what he was up to. And so he concluded with a argument that might serve as preface in and of itself: "Throughout I've tried to make the reader participate in the actuality, what he takes from it will be scaled on his ain depth and shallowness. There are five layers in this book, a reader will find as many as he can and he won't find more he has in himself."^[13]

Title [edit]

While writing the novel at his habitation, 16250 Greenwood Lane, in what is now Monte Sereno, California, Steinbeck had unusual difficulty devising a title. The Grapes of Wrath, suggested by his married woman Carol Steinbeck,^[14] was deemed more suitable than anything by the author. The title is a reference to lyrics from "The Battle Hymn of the Republic", by Julia Ward Howe (emphasis added):

Mine optics have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord:
He is trampling out the vintage where the grapes of wrath are stored;
He hath loosed the fateful lightning of His terrible swift sword:
His truth is marching on.

These lyrics refer, in plough, to the biblical passage Revelation 14:19–20, an apocalyptic appeal to divine justice and deliverance from oppression in the final judgment. This and other biblical passages had inspired a long tradition of imagery of Christ in the winepress, in various media. The passage reads:

And the angel thrust in his sickle into the earth, and gathered the vine of the earth, and bandage information technology into the slap-up winepress of the wrath of God. And the winepress was trodden without the city, and blood came out of the winepress, fifty-fifty unto the horse bridles, by the space of a thou and six hundred furlongs.

The phrase also appears at the stop of Chapter 25 in Steinbeck's book, which describes the purposeful destruction of nutrient to keep the cost high:

[A]nd in the eyes of the hungry there is a growing wrath. In the souls of the people the grapes of wrath are filling and growing heavy, growing heavy for the vintage.

The image invoked past the title serves as a crucial symbol in the evolution of both the plot and the novel's greater thematic concerns: from the terrible winepress of Dust Bowl oppression will come terrible wrath but also the deliverance of workers through their cooperation. This is suggested but not realized within the novel.

[edit]

When preparing to write the novel, Steinbeck wrote: "I want to put a tag of shame on the greedy bastards who are responsible for this [the Great Depression and its furnishings]." He famously said, "I've done my damnedest to rip a reader'due south nerves to rags." His piece of work won a large following amid the working class, due to his sympathy for the migrants and workers' movement, and his accessible prose way.^[fifteen]

Critical reception [edit]

Steinbeck scholar John Timmerman sums up the book's influence: "The Grapes of Wrath may well exist the most thoroughly discussed novel – in criticism, reviews, and college classrooms – of 20th century American literature."^[12] The Grapes of Wrath is referred to every bit a Dandy American Novel.^[sixteen]

At the fourth dimension of publication, Steinbeck's novel "was a phenomenon on the scale of a national event. It was publicly banned and burned past citizens, it was debated on national radio; but to a higher place all, it was read".^[17] According to The New York Times, it was the all-time-selling volume of 1939 and 430,000 copies had been printed by February 1940.^[3] In that same month, information technology won the National Book Award, favorite fiction book of 1939, voted by members of the American Booksellers Association.^[3] Soon, it won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, and its Armed Services Edition went through two printings.^[4]

The book was noted for Steinbeck'due south passionate depiction of the plight of the poor, and many of his contemporaries attacked his social and political views. Bryan Cordyack wrote: "Steinbeck was attacked equally a propagandist and a socialist from both the left and the right of the political spectrum. The most fervent of these attacks came from the Associated Farmers of California; they were displeased with the book'south depiction of California farmers' attitudes and comport toward the migrants. They denounced the volume as a 'pack of lies' and labeled it 'communist propaganda'".^[12] Some^{[ who? ]} argued that his novel was filled with inaccuracies.^[18] In his volume The Fine art of Fiction (1984), John Gardner criticized Steinbeck for non knowing anything about the California ranchers: "Witness Steinbeck's failure in The Grapes of Wrath. It should have been one of America'due south corking books...[S]teinbeck wrote not a great and firm novel but a disappointing melodrama in which complex good is pitted confronting unmitigated, unbelievable evil."^[19] Others^{[ who? ]} accused Steinbeck of exaggerating camp weather to brand a political betoken. He had visited the camps well before publication of the novel^[20] and argued their inhumane nature destroyed the settlers' spirit.

In 1962, the Nobel Prize commission cited The Grapes of Wrath as a "keen work" and as 1 of the committee's main reasons for granting Steinbeck the Nobel Prize for Literature.^[5]

In 2005, Time mag included the novel in its "100 Best English-language Novels from 1923 to 2005".^[21] In 2009, The Daily Telegraph of the United kingdom included the novel in its "100 novels everyone should read".^[22] In 1999, French paper Le Monde of Paris ranked The Grapes of Wrath equally 7th on its list of the 100 best books of the 20th century. In the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland, it was listed at number 29 amid the "nation's all-time loved novels" on the BBC's 2003 survey The Big Read.^[23]

Censorship [edit]

The Grapes of Wrath has faced a great amount of controversy since publication.

In 1939, the volume was banned in Kansas City, Missouri and Kern County, California.^[24] It was also burned by the Eastward St. Louis, Illinois Public Library and barred from the Buffalo, New York Public Library.^[24]

In 1953, the book was banned in Ireland.^[24]

In 1973, the book, alongside Ernest Hemingway'due south For Whom the Bell Tolls, faced further controversy in Turkey because the book included "propaganda unfavorable to the country."^[24] On February 21 of that year, eleven Turkish book publishers and eight booksellers "went on trial before an Istanbul martial police force tribunal on charges of publishing, possessing, and selling books in violation of an order of the Istanbul martial law control.^[24] They faced possible sentences of between i month's and six months' imprisonment...and the confiscation of their books."^[24]

The book'southward controversial status continued in the 1980s. In 1980, the book was banned in Kanawha, Iowa'south high school classes and challenged in Vernon, Verona Sherill, New York school district.^[24] The post-obit year, high school English teachers in Richford, Vermont required students to read the book.^[24] It was challenged "due to the book's language and portrayal of a erstwhile minister who recounts how he took advantage of a immature adult female."^[24] In 1982, the book was banned in Morris, Manitoba and removed from two school libraries in Anniston, Alabama; the volume was reinstated to the Anniston libraries on a restrictive ground.^[24] In 1986, the volume was provided equally an optional reading consignment at the Cummings High School in Burlington, North Carolina.^[24] A parent challenged the consignment because the "book is full of filth. My son is existence raised in a Christian home and this book takes the Lord's name in vain and has all kinds of profanity in it."^[24] The parent spoke with the press but did not file an official complaint with the school.^[24] That same year, the volume was challenged at the Moore County school organization in Carthage, N Carolina because of the book'due south employ of the phrase "God damn."^[24]

The book was challenged twice more in the 1990s, kickoff in Greenville, South Carolina schools in 1991, then in Union City, Tennessee high school classes in 1993.^[24] The cited reason for the 1991 challenge was the volume's language (i.e., using the proper noun of God and Jesus in a "vain and profane mode"), besides as sexual content.

Similarities to Whose Names Are Unknown [edit]

Following the publication of Sanora Babb's Whose Names Are Unknown in 2004, some scholars noted strong parallels between that work — the notes for which Steinbeck is widely believed to take examined^[25] — and The Grapes of Wrath.

Writing in The Steinbeck Review, Michael J. Meyer noted numerous "obvious similarities" betwixt the ii novels "that even a brief reading will reveal," such as Babb'due south business relationship of ii nonetheless-born babies, mirrored in Steinbeck'due south description of Rose of Sharon'south baby. Amidst other scenes and themes repeated in both books: the villainy of banks, corporations, and company stores that charge exorbitant prices; the rejection of religion and the embrace of music as a ways of preserving promise; descriptions of the fecundity of nature and agriculture, and the dissimilarity with the impoverishment of the migrants; and the disparity between those willing to extend help to the migrants and others who view "Okies" as subhuman.^[26] Meyer, a Steinbeck bibliographer, stops short of labeling these parallels as plagiarism but concludes that "Steinbeck scholars would do well to read Babb — if but to see for themselves the echoes of Grapes that grow in her prose."

Steinbeck scholar David M. Wrobel wrote that "the John Steinbeck/Sanora Babb story sounds like a classic smash-and-grab: celebrated California author steals the material of unknown Oklahoma writer, resulting in his financial success and her failure to get her work published...Steinbeck absorbed field information from many sources, primarily Tom Collins and Eric H. Thomsen, regional director of the federal migrant camp programme in California, who accompanied Steinbeck on missions of mercy...if Steinbeck read Babb's all-encompassing notes equally carefully every bit he did the reports of Collins, he would certainly have found them useful. His interaction with Collins and Thomsen — and their influence on the writing of The Grapes of Wrath — is documented considering Steinbeck acknowledged both. Sanora Babb went unmentioned."^[27]

Writing in Broad Street (magazine), Carla Dominguez described Babb every bit "devastated and bitter" that Random Firm cancelled publication of her own novel after The Grapes of Wrath was released in 1939. It is clear, she wrote, that "Babb's retellings, interactions, and reflections were secretly read over and appropriated by Steinbeck. Babb met Steinbeck briefly and by chance at a lunch counter, but she never idea that he had been reading her notes considering he did not mention it." When Babb's novel was finally published in 2004, she declared that she was a better writer than Steinbeck. "His book," Babb said, "is not as realistic equally mine."^[28]

Adaptations [edit]

In film [edit]

The book was apace made into a famed 1940 Hollywood pic of the aforementioned name directed by John Ford and starring Henry Fonda as Tom Joad. The first part of the film version follows the book adequately accurately. However, the second half and the ending, in particular, differ significantly from the book. John Springer, writer of The Fondas (Citadel, 1973), said of Henry Fonda and his role in The Grapes of Wrath: "The Great American Novel made one of the few enduring Great American Motion Pictures."^[29]

The documentary American: The Bill Hicks Story (2009) revealed that The Grapes of Wrath was the favorite novel of comedian Bill Hicks. He based his famous concluding words on Tom Joad'due south concluding speech: "I left in love, in laughter, and in truth, and wherever truth, love and laughter abide, I am there in spirit."^[thirty]

In July 2013, Steven Spielberg announced his plans to direct a remake of The Grapes of Wrath for DreamWorks.^{[31] [32]}

The Japanese animated serial Bungou Stray Dogs portrays a graphic symbol based on Steinbeck whose superpower is named "The Grapes of Wrath".

In music [edit]

Woody Guthrie'south 2-part song—"Tom Joad – Parts 1 & 2" – from the album Dust Bowl Ballads (1940), explores the protagonist's life after being paroled from prison house. It was covered in 1988 past Andy Irvine, who recorded both parts as a single song—"Tom Joad"—on Patrick Street's 2d anthology, No. ii Patrick Street.^[33]

The 1981 song "Here Comes that Rainbow Again", past Kris Kristofferson, is based on the scene in the roadside diner where a human buys a loaf of bread and ii candy sticks for his sons.

The ring The Mission UK included a vocal titled "The Grapes of Wrath" on their anthology Carved in Sand (1990).

The progressive rock band Camel released an album, titled Dust and Dreams (1991), inspired by the novel.

American rock singer-songwriter Bruce Springsteen named his 11th studio album, The Ghost of Tom Joad (1995), afterward the character. The first track on the album "shares the same championship". The song – and to a lesser extent, the others on the album – draws comparisons between the Dust Bowl and modern times.^[34]

Rage Confronting the Machine recorded a version of "The Ghost of Tom Joad" in 1997.

Like Andy Irvine in 1988, Dick Gaughan recorded Woody Guthrie's "Tom Joad" on his album Outlaws & Dreamers (2001).^[35]

An opera based on the novel was co-produced by the Minnesota Opera, and Utah Symphony and Opera, with music by Ricky Ian Gordon and libretto by Michael Korie. The opera fabricated its world premiere in Feb 2007, to favorable local reviews.^[36]

Bad Religion accept a song entitled "Grains of Wrath" on their album New Maps of Hell (2007). Bad Religion lead vocaliser Greg Graffin is a fan of Steinbeck'south piece of work.^{[37] [ improve source needed ] [ failed verification ]}

The vocal "Dust Bowl Dance", on the Mumford & Sons album Sigh No More (2009), is based on the novel.

The Pink Floyd song "Sorrow", written by front-man David Gilmour and included on the band'due south album A Momentary Lapse of Reason, is thematically derived from/based on the novel.

The vocal "No Good Al Joad", on the Hop Forth album "Become Disowned" takes its title from the novel'southward graphic symbol Al Joad.

The vocal "Grapes Of Wrath" by Weezer, written past Rivers Cuomo from their anthology "OK Human" (2021), takes its title directly from the novel.^[38]

In theatre [edit]

The Steppenwolf Theatre Company produced a phase version of the book, adjusted by Frank Galati. Gary Sinise played Tom Joad for its entire run of 188 performances on Broadway in 1990. One of these performances was filmed and shown on PBS the following year.^[39]

In 1990, the Illegitimate Players theater company in Chicago produced Of Grapes and Nuts, an original, satirical mash-up of The Grapes of Wrath and Steinbeck's acclaimed novella Of Mice and Men.^[40]

See as well [edit]

• The Jungle
• Le Monde 'south 100 Books of the Century

References [edit]

Notes [edit]

1. ^ "Grapes of Wrath, a classic for today?". BBC News. April 14, 2009. Retrieved August 26, 2013.
2. ^ The official publication date of April 14, 1939, was exactly 4 years to the day of the Blackness Lord's day Tempest, among the worst of the Dust Bowl dust storms, which, in real life, caused many Oklahomans to migrate to California in search of work.
3. ^ ^{a b c} "1939 Book Awards Given by Critics: Elgin Groseclose's 'Ararat' is Picked as Work Which Failed to Become Due Recognition", The New York Times, February 14, 1940, page 25. ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times (1851–2007).
4. ^ ^{a b} "Novel" The Pulitzer Prizes. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
5. ^ ^{a b} Osterling, Anders. "Nobel Prize in Literature 1962 – Presentation Oral communication". Retrieved Feb 18, 2007.
6. ^ "AP: English Literature". CollegeBoard. Archived from the original on May ix, 2012. Retrieved May ix, 2012.
7. ^ "The Big Read | The Grapes of Wrath". National Endowment for the Arts. Archived from the original on May 31, 2012. Retrieved May 9, 2012.
8. ^ ^{a b} Eckert, Ken (November 1, 2009). "[Exodus Inverted: A New Look at The Grapes of Wrath, Colour Plates]". Faith and the Arts. 13 (iv): 340–357. Bibcode:2007ReArt..11..299O. doi:10.1163/156852909X460447. ISSN 1568-5292.
9. ^ ^{a b} Slade, Leonard A (1968). "The use of Biblical allusions in 'The Grapes of Wrath". CLA Journal. 11 (3): 241–247. JSTOR 44328273.
10. ^ "Sanora Babb (Ken Burns)". PBS.
11. ^ Published by the Simon Southward. Lubin Society of California as a pamphlet entitled "Their Blood is Potent." Republished 1988 by Heyday every bit "The Harvest Gypsies: On the Road to the Grapes of Wrath." Source: Cordyack.
12. ^ ^{a b c} Cordyack, Brian. "20th-Century American Bestsellers: John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath". Graduate School of Library and Data Science, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. Retrieved February 18, 2007.
13. ^ Shillinglaw, Susan (2014). On Reading the Grapes of Wrath.
14. ^ DeMott, Robert (1992). Robert DeMott's Introduction to The Grapes of Wrath. Viking Penguin, a Division of Penguin Books. p. xviii. ISBN978-0-14-018640-6.
15. ^ "The long retreat of John Steinbeck". Greenleft.org.au. September 6, 2016.
16. ^ Dana, Gioia. "The Grapes of Wrath Radio Testify – Transcript". The Big Read. The National Endowment for the Arts. Retrieved September 22, 2010. Author Richard Rodriguez discussed The Grapes of Wrath as The Great American Novel: "In that location hasn't been anything like this novel since information technology was written. And this is the great American novel that everyone keeps waiting for but it has been written at present."
17. ^ Lisca, Peter (1958). "The Broad Globe of John Steinbeck". Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
18. ^ Crockett, H. Kelly (1962). "The Bible and the Grapes of Wrath". College English. 24 (3): 193–199. doi:10.2307/373284. JSTOR 373284. S2CID 150142608.
19. ^ Gardner 1991, p. 10.
20. ^ Shillinglaw, Susan; Benson, Jackson J (Feb 2, 2002). "Of Men and Their Making: The Non-Fiction Of John Steinbeck". The Guardian. London: Penguin. Retrieved December 17, 2008.
21. ^ "All Time 100 Novels". Fourth dimension. Oct sixteen, 2005. Retrieved May 25, 2010.
22. ^ "100 novels everyone should read". The Daily Telegraph. January 16, 2009. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved June 5, 2012.
23. ^ "The Big Read", BBC, April 2003. Retrieved January 12, 2014
24. ^ ^{a b c d e f k h i j k l chiliad n o} Office of Intellectual Freedom (March 26, 2013). "Banned & Challenged Classics". American Library Association . Retrieved June twenty, 2021. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
25. ^ "The Dust Basin – Sanora Babb biography". PBS. Retrieved Nov 21, 2012. Unbeknownst to Babb, Collins was sharing her reports with author Steinbeck. Some of this reporting informed Steinbeck'south 1936 serial of articles, The Harvest Gypsies. By the fourth dimension she was ready to publish her work, in the winter of 1939, Steinbeck had come out with his ain Pulitzer Prize-winning novel, The Grapes of Wrath. Steinbeck'southward book was dedicated to Tom Collins and was an firsthand best-seller — such a striking, New York editors told Babb, that the market could non bear another on the aforementioned bailiwick.
26. ^ Meyer, Michael J. (2007). "Reviewed Work: Whose Names Are Unknown past Sanora Babb". The Steinbeck Review. 4 (1): 135–139. JSTOR 41582897.
27. ^ "Grapes of Wrath Views from the University of Oklahoma: Two Photographers, 2 Novels, and Two Migrations". Steinbeck Now. Retrieved August 18, 2018.
28. ^ "The Woman Backside "The Grapes of Wrath"". Wide Street. February 4, 2015. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
29. ^ Nixon, Rob. "The Grapes of Wrath". This Month Spotlight. Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved September 22, 2010.
30. ^ Hicks, Bill. Love All the People (New Edition). Hachette UK, 2009, p. 336.
31. ^ "Steven Spielberg eyes Grapes of Wrath". guardian.co.uk. July iv, 2013. Retrieved July 9, 2013.
32. ^ "Steven Spielberg in talks to remake 'The Grapes Of Wrath'". nme.com. July iv, 2013. Retrieved July 9, 2013.
33. ^ Sleeve notes from No. 2 Patrick Street, Green Linnet SIF 1088, 1988.
34. ^ Symynkywicz, Jeffery B. (2008). The Gospel According to Bruce Springsteen: Rock and Redemption, from Asbury Park to Magic. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 0-664-23169-one. p. 122.
35. ^ "Dick Gaughan Discography Outlaws & Dreamers (2001)", Retrieved 8th October 2015
36. ^ Michael Anthony, "'Grapes' is a sugariness, juicy production", Minneapolis Star Tribune, 2/12/2007
37. ^ "Books | The Respond | The Bad Religion Page – Since 1995".
38. ^ "Inside the Mind of Rivers Cuomo". Audible.com . Retrieved Feb 28, 2022.
39. ^ "American Playhouse" The Grapes of Wrath (Goggle box Episode 1991) , retrieved September xxx, 2017
40. ^ "Lawrence Bommer, "Sending Upwardly Steinbeck," Chicago Reader, 11/8/1990". November 8, 1990.

Bibliography [edit]

• Garcia, Reloy. "The Rocky Road to Eldorado: The Journey Motif in John Steinbeck'south The Grapes of Wrath." Steinbeck Quarterly 14.03-04 (Summertime/Fall 1981): 83-93
• Gregory, James N. "Grit Bowl Legacies: the Okie Bear upon on California, 1939–1989". California History 1989 68(3): 74–85. ISSN 0162-2897
• Henkel, Scott. "A Seditious Proposal." The Grapes of Wrath: A Afterthought' Vol. 1. Ed. Michael J. Meyer. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2009. 219–42.
• Saxton, Alexander. "In Dubious Battle: Looking Backward". Pacific Historical Review 2004 73(2): 249–262. ISSN 0030-8684 Fulltext: online at Swetswise, Ingenta, Ebsco
• Sobchack, Vivian C. "The Grapes of Wrath (1940): Thematic Accent through Visual Way". American Quarterly 1979 31(five): 596–615. ISSN 0003-0678 Fulltext: in Jstor. Discusses the visual mode of John Ford'due south cinematic adaptation of the novel. Normally the movie is examined in terms of its literary roots or its social protest. Just the imagery of the film reveals the important theme of the Joad family'southward coherence. The movie shows the family unit in closeups, cramped in pocket-size spaces on a chaotic screen, isolated from the land and their surroundings. Dim lighting helps abstract the Joad family from the reality of Dust Bowl migrants. The film's emotional and aesthetic power comes from its generalized quality attained through this visual style.
• Windschuttle, Keith. "Steinbeck's Myth of the Okies". The New Benchmark, Vol. 20, No. 10, June 2002.
• Zirakzadeh, Cyrus Ernesto. "John Steinbeck on the Political Capacities of Everyday Folk: Moms, Reds, and Ma Joad'south Defection". Polity 2004 36(4): 595–618. ISSN 0032-3497
• Gardner, John (1991) [1984]. The Art of Fiction: Notes on Craft for Young Writers (Vintage Books ed.). Vintage Books. ISBN0-679-73403-one.

External links [edit]

• The Grapes of Wrath at Faded Page (Canada)
• John Steinbeck in the Santa Cruz Mountains – A history of Steinbeck'south life living in the Santa Cruz Mountains while writing The Grapes of Wrath
• 2 short radio episodes "Spring in California" and "Route 66" from The Grapes of Wrath, California Legacy Project.
• "The Grapes of Wrath revisited," (videos) The Guardian [Chris McGreal journeys along Route 66 – following the path of the Joads, of John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath, to compare that account of the Dandy Depression with today's U.s.a. under President Barack Obama.
• Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Civilisation – Grapes of Wrath
• National Public Radio: Grapes of Wrath, Present at the Creation
• Oklahoma Digital Maps Collection at Oklahoma Land University
• The Grapes of Wrath at Open Library
• "National Steinbeck Center in Salinas, CA". steinbeck.org. National Steinbeck Center.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grapes_of_Wrath

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